The fast-growing popularity of the training program led also to an increased scientific interest over the last 10 years ( Feito et al., 2018a). The Benchmark WODs include “Girl-WODs” (mostly short and intense workouts, e.g., ‘Cindy’, ‘Fran’ or ‘Helen’), and “Hero-WODs” (often long and hard to complete workouts, e.g., ‘Murph’) ( Glassman, 2003).Īccording to the official ‘CrossFit ® Level 1 Training Guide’, regular training sessions at affiliated training centers last about an hour (approximal 45–90 min) and include Warm-up and Mobility exercises, Skill training, in part combined with Power training, followed by the WOD and Cool-down segment with stretching exercises as required ( Glassman, 2010). These WODs are standardized and performed at irregular intervals, however, each time under the same conditions. To monitor individual performance development by comparing the performance values (e.g., number of repetitions or time to completion) over time or with other athletes, specific Benchmark WODs are provided. The WODs are designed to perform the required task as fast as possible, namely, “for time” (FT), or to perform the maximum number of repetitions or rounds in a set time interval, namely, “as many rounds as possible” (AMRAP) ( Glassman, 2010). Commonly, the workouts are performed quickly, repetitively, and with little or no recovery time between sets. Here, the day-to-day varying high-intensity workouts are usually referred to as “Workout of the Day” (WOD). The training program involves constantly varied functional movements performed at high-intensity and includes exercises from the main elements of gymnastics (e.g., pull-ups, push-ups, and burpees), weightlifting (e.g., powerlifting, and Olympic weightlifting), and cardiovascular activities (e.g., running, rowing, and jumping) ( Glassman, 2004). LLC) the new trend sport quickly extended worldwide. Driven mainly by the company (CrossFit ® Inc. Therefore, future research on the training methodology of CrossFit ® needs to overcome terminological inequalities and examine scientifically the implementation of the concept by considering regular training sessions under practical settings.ĬrossFit ® is one of the fastest-growing training concepts with over 15,000 affiliated training centers and 5 million athletes ( CrossFit, 2022). Moreover, the inconsistent terminology used in CrossFit ® research complicates generalized conclusions. There is still a lack of comprehensive analyses on the acute physiological effects of regular training sessions and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the scientific literature. Also, scarce research exists on COVID-19-pandemic-induced effects on training behavior, and studies are of moderate to low quality. In detail, included studies demonstrate that training sessions last 30–60 min and provide a progressive increase in cardiovascular load up to maximal effort activity (>90% HR max), differing from stand-alone WODs exclusively at high-intensity. The results show that studies of regular training sessions were rarely conducted and contradicted the existing knowledge of the physiological demands of CrossFit ®. Based on the eligibility criteria, 12 studies are included and separated by topics: acute-short term physiological response (n = 8), and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 4). Using the keyword “CrossFit”, 1,264 records were found. ![]() A systematic search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines in April 2022 and updated in July 2022 using the following databases: PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science. ![]() Therefore, the purpose of this study is to systematically review the existing literature on the physiological effects of regular CrossFit ® training in full extent instead of stand-alone WODs and to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the training behavior of CrossFit ® athletes. Despite the fast-growing and widespread popularity, data on the practical implementation of the training program based on scientific evidence are rare. In accordance with the ‘CrossFit ® Level 1 Training Guide’, regular CrossFit® training sessions consist of Warm-up, Mobility, Skill/Power training, WOD, and Cool-down.
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